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This blog is officially opened in 21 August 2009




-10 Recent Posts-
P4 Chapter 3: The Water Cycle & Importance of Water
P4 Chapter 2: Water and Changes of States
P4 chapter 1: Matter & its 3 states
P3 Science Chapter 1: Diversity
P3 Science Chapter 7: Life Cycles Of Animals
P3 Science Chapter 8: Life Cycle Of Plants
P3 Science Chapter 9: Heredity
P3 Science Chapter 11: The Human Digestive System
P3 Science Chapter 12: The Skeletal & Muscular system
P3 Science Chapter 13: Magnets


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Tuesday, August 25, 2009
P4 Science: Air & the Respiratory System @ 5:18 PM

P4 Science: Air & the Respiratory System

The Earth is surrounded by a layer of air, ATMPOSPHERE

Air composition:
1) 0.97% - Water Vapour & Other Gases
2) 0.03% - Carbon Dioxide
3) 21.0% - Oxygen
4) 78.0% - Nitrogen

-> Oxygen: Respiration,Combustion
-> Carbon Dioxide: Photosynthesis, Aerated drinks

Exchange of Gases:
----------- Photosynthesis by green plants---------
Carbon Dioxide Oxygen
----------- Breathing by plants & Animals -------
Comparison:~ respiration , # photosynthesis
~ Takes place all the time
# Takes place when there's light
~ In ALL organisms
# In GREEN plants
~ Oxygen taken in
# Oxygen given out
~ Carbon Dioxide given out
# Carbon Dixide taken in
~ Energy is produced
# Energy is stored
~ Food is broken down
# Food is produced
-> Fish take in dissolved oxygen through gills
-> Insects breathe through spiracles
-> Birds breathe through nostrils & mouth
-> Plants breathe through stomata (guarded by 2 guard cells which control the size of the pore)

Why are the stomata found mostly underside of the leaves?
Besides oxygen and carbon dioxide, water vapour can also pass through stomata (in the process of evaporation) from the plant and out to the surroundings. Remember that water vapour is the gaseous state of water. Thus, stomata are often found on the underside of the leaves, away from direct sunlight, to reduce water loss.


Breathing in
Ribcage moves upwards and outwards.
Diaphragm moves downwards

Breathing out
Ribcage moves downwards and inwards.
Diaphragm moves upwards.



# It's a fact !
What would happen if we could gather all the Earth's air into a box? The box would weigh 5,140 trillion tonnes! Besides the gases the occur naturally in our atmosphere, air has other components too. These include ahses from volcanoes, sand blown by desert storms, soot from forest fires, bacteria and even the spores of fungi!

Parts of the respiratory system of a human body

# Nose / Mouth
  • When air enters our nose, coarse hairs (not too much, hairy nose) bathed in wet, sticky mucus (EWW!) trap dirt and dust particles in the air.
  • We can also breathe through our mouth, which is especially important when we breathe hard and fast during exercise. (But it's more not hygienic as we don't have mucus in our mouth)
# Windpipe
  • Air travels through the windpipe to the lungs. (Something like our gullet)
  • At the top of our windpipe, lies a flap-like structure called the epiglottis.
  • It prevents food from entering the windpipe when we swallow (this causes choking).
  • The voice box that allows us to produce sounds can also be found on top of the windpipe.
# Lungs
  • The air enters our windpipe, which splits into two bronchi, each leading to one lung.
  • Each bronchus further splits into smaller and smaller tubes called bronchioles.
  • The narrowest bronchioles are no wider than a stand of hair!
  • At the end of these tubes are millions of tiny balloon like air sacs called alveoli.
  • Alveoli are surrounded by many blood vessals
  • Oxygen from the air we breathe passes into the blood vessals
  • At the same time, carbon dioxide moves from the blood to the alveoli to be breathed out.



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